Overview
Smoking causes both physical and psychological dependence through the substance nicotine. Quitting is worthwhile at any age and lowers the long-term risk of cardiovascular and lung disease. During the first days and weeks, withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, restlessness and strong cravings are normal and usually subside over time. A medically supported cessation combining medication and counselling markedly improves the chances of success.
Common causes
The central driver of dependence is nicotine, which activates a reward system in the brain. Learned habits and typical triggers such as stress, coffee, alcohol or social situations add to this. The social environment in which smoking takes place also plays a major role. Starting to smoke early and a high number of cigarettes per day intensify the dependence. Relapses after a quit attempt are common and are not a sign of failure but part of the process.
When to see a doctor
Medical support is advisable if previous quit attempts have failed, withdrawal symptoms are highly distressing, or co-existing conditions are present. In case of a persistent cough, blood in the sputum, unexplained weight loss or increasing shortness of breath, seek timely medical assessment. Warning signs such as sudden severe chest pain, shortness of breath at rest or signs of a stroke are an emergency — call the emergency number 112 immediately.